Ethics and Organizational Development essays

Ethics and Organizational Development essays "For many organisations 'ethics' is something to be defined and managed by senior executives." Consider the arguments for and against this control-oriented position. In today's world it is all too prevalent to see more and more people hungry to gain success at an ever-increasing rate. Modern culture can and indeed is labelled 'greedy' and 'thoughtless'. Through my relatively short time spent in business, I have encountered many of these types of people. But who are they hungry for? Who benefits from their thoughtlessness, and why do they do what they do? More importantly, who is to blame when things don't go according to plan? These are all questions asked constantly in the business domain, questions that often seem to include the word 'ethics' in their answer. Whether we look to consequentialism and always consider the outcome of a particular action, or conform to a more deontological form of ethical thinking and focus on always acting in a manner that seems 'right', I believe that a person cannot always be 'ethical', all of the time. If it were that easy, ethics would be a very small area of study. So what does the word 'ethical' mean? To me, it is to take into account every aspect involved in any given situation, peoples' feelings, thoughts and well-being, both now and in the future, and act as best one can to achieve the most satisfactory outcome for all concerned. From my viewpoint, acting in an ethical manner comes from each and every individual, each having learned from the environment in which they have grown and developed. Should the judgement, therefore, always be left to the individual? This is certainly not the case, as more and more organisations in the business world develop codes of ethics that they expect each member to follow. This definition and management of ethics can be seen as a control-oriented position. This control paradigm for organisational ethics is largely concerned with extracting the best possib...

Sing a Spanish Version of Deck the Halls

Sing a Spanish Version of Deck the Halls Here is a Spanish version of the popular Christmas song Deck the Halls. Note that this song isnt a translation of the English but rather a Christmas-themed song that uses the same tune. Ya lleg la Navidad  ¡Ya llegà ³ la Navidad!  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la. ¡Quà © alegre se siente el alma!  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la.Vamos todos a cantar.  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-laVamos todos a reà ­r.  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la. Apà ³stoles y magos vienen  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la.Adorar al tierno nià ±o.  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-laVamos todos a cantar.  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-laVamos todos a reà ­r.  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la Por doquiera llevaremos  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-laMensaje de buenas nuevas  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-laVamos todos a cantar.  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-laVamos todos a reà ­r.  Ã‚  Fa-la-la-la-la-la-la-la-la Translation Here is a translation of this Spanish song omitting the fa-la-la refrain: Christmas is already here! How happy the soul feels!Lets all go to sing. Lets all go to laugh. Apostles and magi come to worship the tender boy.Lets all go to sing. Lets all go to laugh. Lets carry the message of good news everywhere.Lets all go to sing. Lets all go to laugh. Vocabulary and Grammar Notes Note how in Spanish only the first word and the proper noun Navidad are capitalized in the songs title. The same pattern is used for other composition titles such as the names of novels and movies. Ya is a common adverb that has many translations but generally is used as a way of adding emphasis. Llegà ³ is the singular third-person preterite form of llegar, which means to arrive. The Spanish verb is used in a figurative way, as here, more often than the English verb. Navidad is the Spanish word for Christmas. It is frequently used, as here, with the definite article la. In Spanish, it is not unusual to place the subject after the verb, as is done in the first line.  ¡Quà © adjective! is a common way of saying How adjective! Vamos is the first-person plural imperative of ir, the verb for to go. Vamos a infinitive is the usual way to say lets go verb. Vienen is a form of the irregular verb venir. Por doquiera is a shortened form of por dondequiera, meaning everywhere. This shortened form is found primarily in songs and poetic writing. Llevaremos is the first-person plural form of llevar, which usually means to carry.

Congressional Term Limits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Congressional Term Limits - Essay Example In a conservative, rural Republican district, term limits could force the retirement of a white male conservative Republican, but why assume that the new person will be any different (another white male conservative Republican) or vote any differently. So you need to explain why you think this argument for term limits is valid. It is indeed in the hands of the voters to elect the new candidate, thus they need to carefully study and understand their respective candidates before voting for them. Through the various campaigning and other public talks that have been given by the respective new candidates, the voters can understand whether the candidate they are going to elect will be just another white male conservative Republican or not. It is true that the American citizens need to be more active regarding the political sphere, that is try to understand more about the candidates before taking any decision. In case if the present person turns out to be just another white male conservative Republican, the term limit will ensure that he does not stay for long, and the voters can elect a candidate who is more than just a white male conservative Republican. This is exactly why there should be term limits.

Management strategic-------Carry out a strategic analysis of the UK Assignment

Management strategic-------Carry out a strategic analysis of the UK grocery market using appropriate strategic management models - Assignment Example All these analyses have been carried out from the point of view of Tesco. However, references to UK general grocery market have been made times and again when required. The report concludes with the key takeaways from this detailed strategic analysis. 2. Overview of UK Grocery Market Retailing is one of the main contributors to UK economy with over 12% share. This sector acts as a bridge between production and consumption and is also a great generator of employment. In addition to the organized sector, there are a large number of unorganized players who are self-employed. UK grocery market has witnessed changes across both horizontal and vertical dimensions in the past few years. Horizontally, food retailers have ventured into other retail segments such as consumer goods, clothes, services and so on. Vertically, there has been a shift of power in the supply chain from the manufacturers to large organized retailers. This had a huge impact on the dynamics of the industry (Institute of Retail Studies 2003). 3. Internal Analysis of Tesco Tesco is primarily a food retailer with more than 2500 stores across the globe, a majority of which are in UK. The company has lately ventured into other business segments such as financial services, insurance, electrical appliances, telecommunications and insurance (Data Monitor 2004). SWOT analysis can be effectively used to carry out an internal assessment of Tesco. 3.1. Strengths One of Tesco’s biggest strengths is its continuously increasing market share. As of July, 2011, its market share is above 30% (Institute of Grocery Distribution). Tesco has almost doubled its market share in the past 7-8 years speaking high volumes of its growth. This growth has been enabled because of the continuous geographical expansion and opening of new stores. In addition, Tesco has strategically focused on non-food segment of the business and now it contributes very significantly to its revenues. Tesco has realized the importance of web i n its marketing. It has one of the biggest online supermarkets in the world. Tesco has a great brand image among its customers. It is known for high quality goods, innovative measures and efficient processes. Tesco’s lead over other players in UK market is huge. This has been made possible due to economies of scale it has gained over the years. 3.2. Weaknesses Tesco’s success story has largely been possible due to the UK market. However, it is susceptible to risk in case of change in government regulations. Tesco has a largely untapped market in emerging economies such as China and India. In addition, Tesco has been very aggressive in its expansion strategy and acquisitions. This has meant taking a large amount of debt affecting its balance sheets. Such a capital structure would work till the going gets good but may backfire in tough times. 3.3. Opportunities Tesco has opportunities from two perspectives. One is the geographical expansion in emerging markets as discuss ed above. The second opportunity is to make efficient use of its scale and venture into new business segments. The margins in the food industry are declining and it is profitable to consider new avenues. Tesco has already started working on the same with new segments such as skincare (Data Monitor 2004). In this way, it would also be able to realize economies of scope. 3.4. Threats UK grocery market has witnessed a lot of price wars. This has especially occurred due to entry of

Smart Growth Initiative in the Face of NJ Landscape Change Essay

Smart Growth Initiative in the Face of NJ Landscape Change The face of the American landscape has undergone a period of fantastic change in recent decades. With an expanding population and innumerable opportunities for economic and physical growth, urban centers and sprawling suburbs have pushed farther and farther into outlying areas causing pressures and development on previously untouched, natural lands. New Jersey has become, in many ways, the focus in dealing with issues of sprawl and development within its relatively small space. The most densely populated state in the nation, New Jersey often acts as a predecessor in both having and dealing with issues of environmental concern and/or damage. Within the past ten years, the issue of urban/suburban "sprawl" has become an issue of much concern among professional and private citizens alike. Characterized by unplanned and unchecked growth outward from urban core areas, sprawl becomes such a concern as it has reshaped the face of the American environmental landscape by fragmenting wild habit ats, overutilizing existing water resources, and building mile after mile of "McMansion" homes on very large tracts of land. The construction of this suburban landscape does not, however, come without a cost to the surrounding environment. To build homes with large areas of fenced in property, open space and natural areas must be tapped utilized to feed the strong market. While some would say that it is not the market fueling the various associations of homebuilders but instead the reverse reaction, neither this, nor the other is of significant concern when attempting to address the physical impacts that this sprawling "suburban-side" has on natural habitats. In the National Associatio... ...opment that present citizens, public and private alike, can help to shape and manage sprawl and growth constructively to help preserve much of the remaining beauty and natural resources that this state affords. Referenced Data "1997 Natural Resources Inventory" Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov/land/index/nri97maps.html Hasse, John & Lathrop, Richard. "New Jersey Landscape Change Research" Center for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis. http://www.crssa.rutgers.edu/projects/lc "Land Use/Land Cover Data for 1986-1995" New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Center for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis Database "Smart Growth Report: Building Better Places to Live, Work, and Play" National Association of Home Builders. http://www.nahb.com/main_features/smart.pdf

Crime Scene Investigation Case Study Essay

OBTAINING and RECORDING PHYSICAL EVIDENCE When it comes to identifying people that have committed a criminal act, the most positive means is through fingerprints. When we are born, our fingerprints stay with us until we die and our bodies start decomposing. To the human eye our fingerprints look the same, however, further investigation will show that each of us have a unique set of friction ridges that comprise our fingerprints and sets our identity apart from each other. At a crime scene, there are two different types of fingerprints that may be found. Patent prints are visible to the human eye. Latent prints are â€Å"unintentional prints found on items of evidence or at a crime scene† (Unknown, Obtaining and Recording Physical Evidence, n.d.). The ability to visualize prints depends on the physical condition of the person who left the print, the surface on which they left it, and the reflection of the light which is used to help visualize the print. Other circumstances that effect the visibility of latent prints is time and exposure to elements like heat and cold. However, in any case, prints should be attempted to be obtained. When latent prints are smudged they lack the specific ridges to distinguish the print correctly. These types of prints may not be perfect for fingerprint analysis; they may be utilized to provide other trace evidence. Before latent prints can be lifted and processed they need to be discovered. Each print left in different types of surfaces have to be processed in a special way. The most common means is with the use of fingerprint powders or through chemical treatment. Most field kits supply a variety of colors so that the powder can contrast with the background on which they were left. The most widely used colors are black and white  because they are standard colors that contrast on many objects. Fluorescent fingerprint powders help develop prints on multicolored surfaces, and require the source of ultraviolet light. As with most equipment, safety goggles and gloves should be used to avoid undue exposure and harm to the investigator. It is important to have a delicate touch and a small amount of powder to make the latent print visible. Once the print has started to show up, continuing to brush with the direction of the friction ridges will make the fingerprint stand out. At that time, a photograph of the print should be taken and logged prior to lifting the print. If an investigator is in the field without proper powders, passing non-flammable evidence through the smoke of a burning piece of pine will cause soot to deposit on the object. Chemical processing of latent prints happens in the laboratory. Lab technicians are trained in using techniques that are required by the federal law in using many chemical mixtures to aid in processing evidence. Many porous objects will absorb the secretions from fingerprints and will not rub off as easy as they will on nonporous surfaces or objects. In order to get these prints visible, chemicals are applied to react to the secretions to make the print visible. The amount of contact and pressure applied by the fingers will affect prints the most. Once the prints are visualized, and photographs have been taken, prints can be lifted and placed on a print card and transported to the lab for further processing. The most common method to use for lifting prints is rubber lifters and transparent lifting tape. Rubber lifters work the best on curved or uneven surfaces, whereas transparent tape will lift the print in the position in which they were left on flat surfaces. How to Lift Fingerprints The basic police officer’s fingerprint kit should contain a fingerprint brush, black and bi-chromatic powder, lifting tape, and fingerprint cards. There are several types of fingerprint brushes available, the one to use is a personal preference. Fiberglass fingerprint brushes have a better rate of to â€Å"distribute the fingerprint powder evenly† (Spraggs, 2007). Most crime  scenes will utilize the black lifting powder; however, the bi-chromatic powder will be very helpful in processing prints on dark surfaces, because it is a mixture of the black powder with a white or silver powder. When the bi-chromatic powder is used on dark surfaces it will look light and it will show up dark on light surfaces. The best rule for processing latent prints using powder is to use less lifting powder than you think you are going to need. Many latent prints can be ruined by over processing with powder. David suggests â€Å"give the print powder jar a quick shake before opening the lid† then goes on to say â€Å"remove the lid and place the fingerprint brush inside the lid† (Spraggs, 2007). The lid will retain enough powder to start processing the latent print. A precise amount of pressure applied while spinning the brush will produce a good print with good ridge detail. He mentions that too much powder will fill the ridges and over process the print and too little will not produce enough, keeping in mind that too much contact between the brush and the print will damage the print. Once the print has been developed it is time to begin lifting the print. Lifting tape comes in a variety of widths and compositions. General lifting tape is used on flat surfaces and polyethylene tape is great for curved surfaces like door knobs. An important key in applying the tape is to keep it evenly and as smooth as possible. David suggests using a credit card to ensure even and smooth applications. â€Å"Securing the lifting tape about an inch from the edge of the print, then use the edge of the credit card to gently press the fingerprint lifting tape onto the surface† (Spraggs, 2007). This process allows for thorough adhesion of the powder and the tape ensuring that air bubbles are eliminated at the same time and being trapped in the tape. He also utilizes the credit card again when placing the tape to the fingerprint card. How Far Should Prints Be Trusted? Fingerprint analysis is not an exact science and has many potential flaws. One man was imprisoned for six years in Massachusetts for shooting a police officer, only to be released in 2004 when the fingerprint evidence that was  used to convict him was trumped by DNA. For a long time the Department of Justice contended that there was a zero error rate in fingerprint analysis. In a study conducted by FBI’s Latent Fingerprint Section in Quantico, Virginia, concluded that the chance to be mistake a fingerprint for someone else was 1 in 1097. This study was conducted on 50,000 pre-existing images and compared electronically against the whole data set, thus producing 2.5 billion comparisons. However, many advocates against the admissibility of fingerprinting continue to jump on the bandwagon and believe the study does not reflect what happens in life. In life, partial prints from a crime scene can be messy and send an invalid picture of the criminal. In an unpublished study conducted by 92 students that had one year of training where they had to match archive and fake crime scenes. The end result was 2 out of 5861 were incorrect, which produced an error rate of 0.0034% (Coghlan, 2005). Results from proficiency tests published and cited in the Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (Vol. 93, p. 985), report error rates occur at a 0.8% average, and have been known to be as high as 4.4%. Latent Fingerprints In 1914, Dr. Edmond Locard established the first rules on the minimum number of minutiae necessary for a positive identification. According to his study, if twelve or more concurring points are present when the fingerprint is clear the identity is â€Å"beyond debate† (Unknown, Latent Prints, n.d.). If there are eight to twelve concurring points are present the certainty of the identity will be contingent on five additional points. They are the sharpness of the print, the rarity of its type, the presence of the center of the core and the delta in the exploitable part of the print, the presence of pores, and the perfect and obvious identity regarding the width of papillary ridges and valleys, the direction of the lines and the angular value of the bifurcations. If there were less than eight points present, the fingerprints could not provide a valid and accurate identity. Dr. Locard believed that approximately 40 pores in concurrence could establish individuality (Unknown, Laten t Prints, n.d.). Fingerprint Detection: Current Capabilities Crime scene investigators use a variety of tools to help solve a case. Latent fingerprint detection and identification is among one of the greatest forensic techniques used. The value of fingerprint evidence is insurmountable. An investigator needs to know how to detect, enhance and record the print that has been left behind not visible to the human eye. Latent prints left behind at the crime scene are the most common type of fingerprint evidence, but they are also the ones that can cause the most problems, mainly because it is there, but not to the unaided eye. Utilizing optical, physical or chemical treatments to develop the print comes with precise judgment. The investigator or crime scene technician must distinguish between porous, non-porous and semi-porous surfaces; water insoluble or water soluble, etc. Just like anything else, latent fingerprints will start to deteriorate and can lead to the loss of clarity over a specific time because of numerous factors. â€Å"Elements of this process include evaporation of volatile components (e.g. moisture), diffusion (e.g. through the substrate for porous surfaces and across the surface for non-porous surfaces), decomposition (e.g. bacterial action, oxidation, chemical breakdown due to heat and light, etc.)† (Lennard, 2007). The rate of dehydration will depend on certain factors like the temperature, humidity, and exposure to sun, air currents and the surface on which the print was left. Exposure to high humidity can result in diffusion of a water soluble print, causing the print to be lost, and any detection techniques to be ineffective. Using optical detection techniques will aid in finding latent fingerprints. Luminescence will help display a weak friction ridge detail. The best optical detection is achieved by using short-wave ultraviolet (UV) light. This technique is highly effective because the light acts as a contrast between the surface by absorbing the light or reflecting it back showing the presence of print. Will DNA Replace Fingerprints in the 21st Century? The use of fingerprints to help solve crimes was first suggested by Dr. Henry Faulds in 1880. Twelve years later, fingerprints that were left in blood at the scene of a double murder in Argentina were used to convict and identify the killer. However, the first fingerprints accepted in court in the United States didn’t happen until 1911. When we are born, we have distinct patterns on the tips of our fingers that will only change under a biological variation, because once formed in womb, the ridges are permanent and unique to each individual. â€Å"Biological variation is also known as the natural law of variation and is sometimes stated as ‘Nature never repeats’† (Leo, 2005). There are three basic types of fingerprint patterns: loops, whorls, and arches. Each of these patterns are arranged to give individuals unique ridges that make up the person’s characteristics of fingerprints. It is when these ridges are examined under a microscope side by side with a known source that a person can be confirmed or eliminated as a suspect. With new technology, fingerprint evidence can be searched through automated fingerprint information systems (AFIS). Fingerprints are used to establish a person’s identity in the United States and in every other country in the world. Fingerprints are not just used as evidence in a crime (criminal history), but for employment and security clearances. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was discovered in 1911. It was also discovered that this DNA was the carrier of genetic information. However, it wasn’t until 1985 that the structure also established the uniqueness of each person. One year later, the first use of DNA in a criminal case was used to match a suspect to a double murder in England. The first case of DNA evidence admitted in a United States court didn’t happen until 1988. Since then, over thirty-five states have admitted DNA evidence in one form or another while more than twenty-five states have the population frequency data or statistics to be admissible in court (Leo, 2005). DNA evidence is found at crime scenes as the presence of blood, semen, hair, skin, and saliva. In order to make a comparison a DNA profile must be extracted from the evidence and/or a sample taken from a known individual. A DNA profile is accomplished through a process called electrophoresis. After the profile has been extracted, the results are recorded on an autorad and can be compared to other profiles. There are thirteen markers that are used to standardize a national data base called Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) in the United States (Leo, 2005). To date, DNA is still emerging as we continue to move further into the technological future, and can be used for personal identification, employment, security clearance, or to track criminal histories. Every second of the day, millions of fingerprints are being searched via the automated fingerprint systems around the world. Thousands of crimes have been solved because of the fingerprint evidence left behind at the scene of the crime. In 1994, when CODIS began, there have been over 20,000 DNA matches. In Los Angeles County, California, more than 500 latent prints are matched to criminal offender on any given day (Leo, 2005). Both methods of identifying an individual play crucial roles in solving crime. Although fingerprints are still considered the â€Å"golden standard† for forensic evidence in the courtroom (Leo, 2005), DNA is moving forward in being a very important tool to combat and solve crime. However, when it comes down to it, both techniques complement each other and provide vital information to help find criminals. Works Cited Coghlan, A. &. (2005). How Far Should Prints be Trusted? New Scientist, 2517(187), 6-7. Retrieved January 21, 2013, from http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy.devry.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&an=18376323&site=ehost-live Lennard, C. (2007, December). Fingerprint Detection: Current Capabilities. Australian Journal of Forensic Science, 39(2), 55-59. Retrieved January 21, 2013, from http://www.informaworld.com Leo, W. (2005, September/October). Will DNA Replace Fingerprints in the 21st Century. The Print, 21(5), 1-5. Retrieved January 21, 2013, from http://www.fingerprintidentification.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/dnavfingerprints.pdf Spraggs, D. (2007, February 01). How to Lift Fingerprints. Retrieved January 20, 2013, from Police Magazine: www.policemag.com/channel/patrol/articles/2007/02/how-to-lift-fingerprints.as

Essay about Educational Achievement and Development

Educational achievement is one of the most important factors of a students’ academic journey. Education as a form of secondary socialisation teaches students, the basic norms and values of society and assists in developing their individual identity. In many cases there are contributing issues that not only hinder, but can dramatically affect a child’s educational achievement and development; but also impacts negatively on their childhood experience. These contributing factors consist of a person’s class, their gender and/or their race and ethnicity; which no child has the ability to change at such a young and impressionable age. The issue of race, ethnicity and gender are essentially a part of a person’s genetic design, which is†¦show more content†¦Burr (1995) maintains that the perspective of social constructivism is closely related with many contemporary theories and theorists, for example Vygotsky, Bruner and Bandura. In contrast essentialism is the ideology that people have an underlying and unchanging persona, both biologically and physiologically (Haralambos and Holborn. 2004). For example, Haralambos and Holborn (2004) imply that all women are the same in nature, as are all men; therefore persons of the same gender are biologically and socially connected regardless of any differences in their social circumstances. The issues surrounding race and ethnicity, in society today, are just as complex as they were over a hundred years ago. A person’s race can be defined by the colour of their skin, whereas a person’s ethnicity is defined by the social group in which they live, these affiliations can include religious beliefs, culture and their heritage. Walton and Caliendo (2011) confirm that the concept of race has to be considered in both cultural and political terms. Society has created a divide between individuals within the human race, to determine political and social power. The concept of race and the awareness that it could be used to distinguish groups from each other has lead to the creation of racism in society (Walton and Caliendo. 2011). Thus identity constructions have been labelled and/or stereotyped which is now a â€Å"norm† of society and educational institutions.Show MoreRelatedTeacher Professional Development and Student Achievement Gains1468 Words   |   6 PagesTeacher Professional Development and Student Achievement Gains The achievement of students results from the work of knowledgeable, experienced, and skilled teachers. Therefore, there is a need to improve the knowledge and skills of teachers to ensure that the achievement of students is possible. Investment in education must include allocation of funds and time for professional development of teachers in elementary education. 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